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References

Al Anbat Newspaper (n.d.). Image of US flag. https://alanbatnews.net/eng/article/300812​

Alkhatib, S. (2021, January 11). Nearly 9 years’ jail for man who molested stepdaughter over more than 20

years. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/nearly-9-years-jail-for-man-who-molested-stepdaughter-over-more-than-20-years

American Bar Association. (n.d.). Image of criminal penalty.

https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/former_dewey_cfo_should_be_sent_to_jail_after_missing_first_payment_on_1m_f

Babu, R. (n.d.). Child abuse is the root of all evil [Image]. Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-

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Bick, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2016). Early adverse experiences and the developing brain.

Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.252

Blakey, J. M., & Thigpen, J. W. (2015). Play it safe!®: A school-based childhood physical and sexual abuse

Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2019). Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect.

https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/long_term_consequences.pdf

Dedel, K. (2010). Child abuse and neglect in the home. Center for problem-oriented policing. 

https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/problems/pdfs/child_abuse.pdf

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Fuller-Thomson, E., Baird, S. L., Dhrodia, R., & Brennenstuhl, S. (2016). The association between adverse

childhood experiences (ACEs) and suicide attempts in a population-based study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 42(5), 725–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12351

Goh, Y. H. (2020, April 18). Slight fall in child abuse last year to 1,088 cases, but physical abuse spikes to 10-

year high. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/slight-fall-in-child-abuse-last-year-to-1088-cases-but-physical-abuse-spikes-to-10-year

Herrenkohl, T. I., Jung, H., Lee, J. O., & Kim, M.-H. (2017). Effects of child maltreatment, cumulative

victimisation experiences, and proximal life stress on adult crime and antisocial behavior. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/grants/250506.pdf

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substance use disorder: Results of a nationally representative study. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(6), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1253746

Low, D. (2020, September 21). 20 years’ jail and 24 strokes of the cane for man who sexually assaulted

teenage stepdaughter. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/20-years-jail-and-24-strokes-of-the-cane-for-man-who-sexually-assaulted

Mayo Clinic. (2018, October 5). Child abusehttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-

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Monnat, S. M., & Chandler, R. F. (2015). Long term physical health consequences of adverse childhood

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Sege, R. D., Amaya-Jackson, L., American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect,

Council on Foster Care, Adoption, and Kinship Care, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Committee on Child Maltreatment and Violence, & National Center for Child Traumatic Stress. (2017). Clinical considerations related to the behavioural manifestations of child maltreatment. Pediatrics, 139(4), e20170100. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0100

Shutterstock. (n.d.-a). Illustration of sexual abuse [Image]. The Jakarta Post.

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Shutterstock. (n.d.-b). Researchers in China say that up to 12 per cent of China’s 270 million minors faced

some form of sexual assault [Image]. South China Morning Post.  https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3012658/millions-children-china-victims-sexual-assault

Tan, T. (2017, May 21). Counselling for parents, help for kids. The Straits Times.

https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/counselling-for-parents-help-for-kids

Tan, T. (2019, March 16). 30 per cent spike in child abuse cases last year, with sharp rise in physical and

sexual abuses. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/30-per-cent-spike-in-child-abuse-cases-last-year-with-sharp-rise-in-physical-and-sexual

The Guardian. (n.d.). Image of sexual abuse. https://m.guardian.ng/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Child-

Sexual-Abuse-1.jpg

The Well International. (n.d.). Image of counselling. http://www.thewellintl.org/counselling

Thong, N. W. T. (2020, April 3). Child abuse in Singapore: What can parents do? SingaporeLegalAdvice.

https://singaporelegaladvice.com/child-abuse-singapore-parents/

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childs-rights/basics-about-childs-rights/school-discipline-the-rights-of-students-with-ieps-and-504-plans

Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Bentley, T., & Johnson, M. S. (2012). A prospective investigation of physical

health outcomes in abused and neglected children: New findings from a 30-year follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 102(6), 1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300636

WomensLaw. (2020, October 30). Restraining orders.

https://www.womenslaw.org/laws/ne/restraining-orders/domestic-violence-protection-orders

World Justice Project. (n.d.). Global scores & rankings. https://worldjusticeproject.org/our-work/wjp-rule-

law-index/wjp-open-government-index/global-scores-rankings

Yang, M., Font, S. A., Ketchum, M., & Kim, Y. K. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and

neglect: Effects of maltreatment type and depressive symptoms. Children and Youth Services Review, 91, 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.06.036 

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Al Anbat Newspaper (n.d.).

References

Al Anbat Newspaper (n.d.). Image of US flag. https://alanbatnews.net/eng/article/300812​

Alkhatib, S. (2021, January 11). Nearly 9 years’ jail for man who molested stepdaughter over more than 20

years. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/nearly-9-years-jail-for-man-who-molested-stepdaughter-over-more-than-20-years

American Bar Association. (n.d.). Image of criminal penalty.

https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/former_dewey_cfo_should_be_sent_to_jail_after_missing_first_payment_on_1m_f

Babu, R. (n.d.). Child abuse is the root of all evil [Image]. Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-

eds/child-abuse--the-root-of-all-evil-1.2020902

Bick, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2016). Early adverse experiences and the developing brain.

Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.252

Blakey, J. M., & Thigpen, J. W. (2015). Play it safe!®: A school-based childhood physical and sexual abuse

Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2019). Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect.

https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/long_term_consequences.pdf

Dedel, K. (2010). Child abuse and neglect in the home. Center for problem-oriented policing. 

https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/problems/pdfs/child_abuse.pdf

eSchooltoday. (n.d.). Image of physical abuse. https://eschooltoday.com/child-abuse/physical-child-

abuse/what-is-physical-child-abuse.html

Family Justice Courts. (2020, April 13). Family Protection

https://www.familyjusticecourts.gov.sg/what-we-do/family-courts/family-protection

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hardest-age-to-keep-under-control-survey-finds/

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Fuller-Thomson, E., Baird, S. L., Dhrodia, R., & Brennenstuhl, S. (2016). The association between adverse

childhood experiences (ACEs) and suicide attempts in a population-based study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 42(5), 725–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12351

Goh, Y. H. (2020, April 18). Slight fall in child abuse last year to 1,088 cases, but physical abuse spikes to 10-

year high. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/slight-fall-in-child-abuse-last-year-to-1088-cases-but-physical-abuse-spikes-to-10-year

Herrenkohl, T. I., Jung, H., Lee, J. O., & Kim, M.-H. (2017). Effects of child maltreatment, cumulative

victimisation experiences, and proximal life stress on adult crime and antisocial behavior. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/grants/250506.pdf

Holland, K. (2018, December 3). Understanding the causes of child abuse. Healthline. 

https://www.healthline.com/health/causes-of-child-abuse

IndianFolk. (n.d.). Image of child sexual abuse. https://www.indianfolk.com/child-sexual-abuse-the-hidden-

facts-edited/

Kids Helpline. (n.d.). Image of child physical abuse. https://kidshelpline.com.au/parents/issues/understanding-

child-physical-abuse

LeTendre, M. L., & Reed, M. B. (2017). The effect of adverse childhood experience on clinical diagnosis of a

substance use disorder: Results of a nationally representative study. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(6), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1253746

Low, D. (2020, September 21). 20 years’ jail and 24 strokes of the cane for man who sexually assaulted

teenage stepdaughter. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/20-years-jail-and-24-strokes-of-the-cane-for-man-who-sexually-assaulted

Mayo Clinic. (2018, October 5). Child abusehttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-

abuse/symptoms-causes/syc-20370864

Ministry of Justice. (2020, July 22). Family Violence. https://www.justice.govt.nz/family/family-

violence/conditions-of-a-protection-order/

Ministry of Social and Family Development. (n.d.). What is mandatory counselling.

https://www.msf.gov.sg/publications/Pages/What-is-Mandatory-Counselling.aspx

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your-policy/

Monnat, S. M., & Chandler, R. F. (2015). Long term physical health consequences of adverse childhood

experiences. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(4), 723–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12107

Nadezhda. (n.d.). Cartoon classroom interior with view on blackboard, school desks with chairs, bookcase,

door and window. Classroom with children and teacher. Flat Vector Illustration [Image]. Adobe Stock. https://stock.adobe.com/nz/images/cartoon-classroom-interior-with-view-on-blackboard-school-desks-with-chairs-bookcase-door-and-window-classroom-with-children-and-teacher-flat-vector-illustration/271768694

PAVE (n.d.-a). Image of PAVE logo. https://www.pave.org.sg/

PAVE. (n.d.-b). PAVE integrated services for individual and family protection specialist centre

(ISIFPSC). https://www.pave.org.sg/our-services-isifpsc.php

Sege, R. D., Amaya-Jackson, L., American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect,

Council on Foster Care, Adoption, and Kinship Care, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Committee on Child Maltreatment and Violence, & National Center for Child Traumatic Stress. (2017). Clinical considerations related to the behavioural manifestations of child maltreatment. Pediatrics, 139(4), e20170100. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0100

Shutterstock (n.d.-a). Children subjected to abuse may carry the physical hallmark of that trauma in their

cells [Image]. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/10/02/child-abuse-leaves-molecular-scars-on-victims-study.html

Shutterstock. (n.d.-b). Illustration of sexual abuse [Image]. The Jakarta Post.

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/03/26/surabaya-court-sentences-ex-principal-to-light-10-months-for-child-sexual-abuse.html

Shutterstock. (n.d.-c). Researchers in China say that up to 12 per cent of China’s 270 million minors faced

some form of sexual assault [Image]. South China Morning Post.  https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3012658/millions-children-china-victims-sexual-assault

Tan, T. (2017, May 21). Counselling for parents, help for kids. The Straits Times.

https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/counselling-for-parents-help-for-kids

Tan, T. (2019, March 16). 30 per cent spike in child abuse cases last year, with sharp rise in physical and

sexual abuses. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/30-per-cent-spike-in-child-abuse-cases-last-year-with-sharp-rise-in-physical-and-sexual

The Guardian. (n.d.). Image of sexual abuse. https://m.guardian.ng/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Child-

Sexual-Abuse-1.jpg

The Well International. (n.d.). Image of counselling. http://www.thewellintl.org/counselling

Thong, N. W. T. (2020, April 3). Child abuse in Singapore: What can parents do? SingaporeLegalAdvice.

https://singaporelegaladvice.com/child-abuse-singapore-parents/

Understood. (n.d.). Image of teacher talking to student. https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/your-

childs-rights/basics-about-childs-rights/school-discipline-the-rights-of-students-with-ieps-and-504-plans

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and-the-myth-of-vampire-syndrome/

Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Bentley, T., & Johnson, M. S. (2012). A prospective investigation of physical

health outcomes in abused and neglected children: New findings from a 30-year follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 102(6), 1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300636

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Image of New Zealand flag. https://mch.govt.nz/sites/default/files/NZ-

Flag_of_New_Zealand_svg.png

WomensLaw. (2020, October 30). Restraining orders.

https://www.womenslaw.org/laws/ne/restraining-orders/domestic-violence-protection-orders

World Justice Project. (n.d.). Global scores & rankings. https://worldjusticeproject.org/our-work/wjp-rule-

law-index/wjp-open-government-index/global-scores-rankings

Yang, M., Font, S. A., Ketchum, M., & Kim, Y. K. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and

neglect: Effects of maltreatment type and depressive symptoms. Children and Youth Services Review, 91, 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.06.036 

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