References
Al Anbat Newspaper (n.d.). Image of US flag. https://alanbatnews.net/eng/article/300812​
Alkhatib, S. (2021, January 11). Nearly 9 years’ jail for man who molested stepdaughter over more than 20
years. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/nearly-9-years-jail-for-man-who-molested-stepdaughter-over-more-than-20-years
American Bar Association. (n.d.). Image of criminal penalty.
Babu, R. (n.d.). Child abuse is the root of all evil [Image]. Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-
eds/child-abuse--the-root-of-all-evil-1.2020902
Bick, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2016). Early adverse experiences and the developing brain.
Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.252
Blakey, J. M., & Thigpen, J. W. (2015). Play it safe!®: A school-based childhood physical and sexual abuse
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2019). Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect.
https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/long_term_consequences.pdf
Dedel, K. (2010). Child abuse and neglect in the home. Center for problem-oriented policing.
https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/problems/pdfs/child_abuse.pdf
eSchooltoday. (n.d.). Image of physical abuse. https://eschooltoday.com/child-abuse/physical-child-
abuse/what-is-physical-child-abuse.html
Family Justice Courts. (2020, April 13). Family Protection.
https://www.familyjusticecourts.gov.sg/what-we-do/family-courts/family-protection
Fuller-Thomson, E., Baird, S. L., Dhrodia, R., & Brennenstuhl, S. (2016). The association between adverse
childhood experiences (ACEs) and suicide attempts in a population-based study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 42(5), 725–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12351
Goh, Y. H. (2020, April 18). Slight fall in child abuse last year to 1,088 cases, but physical abuse spikes to 10-
year high. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/slight-fall-in-child-abuse-last-year-to-1088-cases-but-physical-abuse-spikes-to-10-year
Herrenkohl, T. I., Jung, H., Lee, J. O., & Kim, M.-H. (2017). Effects of child maltreatment, cumulative
victimisation experiences, and proximal life stress on adult crime and antisocial behavior. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/grants/250506.pdf
Holland, K. (2018, December 3). Understanding the causes of child abuse. Healthline.
https://www.healthline.com/health/causes-of-child-abuse
Kids Helpline. (n.d.). Image of child physical abuse. https://kidshelpline.com.au/parents/issues/understanding-
child-physical-abuse
LeTendre, M. L., & Reed, M. B. (2017). The effect of adverse childhood experience on clinical diagnosis of a
substance use disorder: Results of a nationally representative study. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(6), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1253746
Low, D. (2020, September 21). 20 years’ jail and 24 strokes of the cane for man who sexually assaulted
teenage stepdaughter. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/20-years-jail-and-24-strokes-of-the-cane-for-man-who-sexually-assaulted
Mayo Clinic. (2018, October 5). Child abuse. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-
abuse/symptoms-causes/syc-20370864
Ministry of Justice. (2020, July 22). Family Violence. https://www.justice.govt.nz/family/family-
violence/conditions-of-a-protection-order/
Ministry of Social and Family Development. (n.d.). What is mandatory counselling.
https://www.msf.gov.sg/publications/Pages/What-is-Mandatory-Counselling.aspx
Monnat, S. M., & Chandler, R. F. (2015). Long term physical health consequences of adverse childhood
experiences. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(4), 723–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12107
Nadezhda. (n.d.). Cartoon classroom interior with view on blackboard, school desks with chairs, bookcase,
door and window. Classroom with children and teacher. Flat Vector Illustration [Image]. Adobe Stock. https://stock.adobe.com/nz/images/cartoon-classroom-interior-with-view-on-blackboard-school-desks-with-chairs-bookcase-door-and-window-classroom-with-children-and-teacher-flat-vector-illustration/271768694
PAVE (n.d.-a). Image of PAVE logo. https://www.pave.org.sg/
PAVE. (n.d.-b). PAVE integrated services for individual and family protection specialist centre
(ISIFPSC). https://www.pave.org.sg/our-services-isifpsc.php
Sege, R. D., Amaya-Jackson, L., American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect,
Council on Foster Care, Adoption, and Kinship Care, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Committee on Child Maltreatment and Violence, & National Center for Child Traumatic Stress. (2017). Clinical considerations related to the behavioural manifestations of child maltreatment. Pediatrics, 139(4), e20170100. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0100
Shutterstock. (n.d.-a). Illustration of sexual abuse [Image]. The Jakarta Post.
Shutterstock. (n.d.-b). Researchers in China say that up to 12 per cent of China’s 270 million minors faced
some form of sexual assault [Image]. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3012658/millions-children-china-victims-sexual-assault
Tan, T. (2017, May 21). Counselling for parents, help for kids. The Straits Times.
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/counselling-for-parents-help-for-kids
Tan, T. (2019, March 16). 30 per cent spike in child abuse cases last year, with sharp rise in physical and
sexual abuses. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/30-per-cent-spike-in-child-abuse-cases-last-year-with-sharp-rise-in-physical-and-sexual
The Guardian. (n.d.). Image of sexual abuse. https://m.guardian.ng/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Child-
Sexual-Abuse-1.jpg
The Well International. (n.d.). Image of counselling. http://www.thewellintl.org/counselling
Thong, N. W. T. (2020, April 3). Child abuse in Singapore: What can parents do? SingaporeLegalAdvice.
https://singaporelegaladvice.com/child-abuse-singapore-parents/
Understood. (n.d.). Image of teacher talking to student. https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/your-
childs-rights/basics-about-childs-rights/school-discipline-the-rights-of-students-with-ieps-and-504-plans
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Bentley, T., & Johnson, M. S. (2012). A prospective investigation of physical
health outcomes in abused and neglected children: New findings from a 30-year follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 102(6), 1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300636
WomensLaw. (2020, October 30). Restraining orders.
https://www.womenslaw.org/laws/ne/restraining-orders/domestic-violence-protection-orders
World Justice Project. (n.d.). Global scores & rankings. https://worldjusticeproject.org/our-work/wjp-rule-
law-index/wjp-open-government-index/global-scores-rankings
Yang, M., Font, S. A., Ketchum, M., & Kim, Y. K. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and
neglect: Effects of maltreatment type and depressive symptoms. Children and Youth Services Review, 91, 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.06.036
​
​
​
​
Al Anbat Newspaper (n.d.).
References
Al Anbat Newspaper (n.d.). Image of US flag. https://alanbatnews.net/eng/article/300812​
Alkhatib, S. (2021, January 11). Nearly 9 years’ jail for man who molested stepdaughter over more than 20
years. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/nearly-9-years-jail-for-man-who-molested-stepdaughter-over-more-than-20-years
American Bar Association. (n.d.). Image of criminal penalty.
Babu, R. (n.d.). Child abuse is the root of all evil [Image]. Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-
eds/child-abuse--the-root-of-all-evil-1.2020902
Bick, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2016). Early adverse experiences and the developing brain.
Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.252
Blakey, J. M., & Thigpen, J. W. (2015). Play it safe!®: A school-based childhood physical and sexual abuse
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2019). Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect.
https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/long_term_consequences.pdf
Dedel, K. (2010). Child abuse and neglect in the home. Center for problem-oriented policing.
https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/problems/pdfs/child_abuse.pdf
eSchooltoday. (n.d.). Image of physical abuse. https://eschooltoday.com/child-abuse/physical-child-
abuse/what-is-physical-child-abuse.html
Family Justice Courts. (2020, April 13). Family Protection.
https://www.familyjusticecourts.gov.sg/what-we-do/family-courts/family-protection
Fizkes. (n.d.). Image of parents stress. Adobe Stock. https://www.studyfinds.org/parents-say-8-year-olds-
hardest-age-to-keep-under-control-survey-finds/
Florida Law Advisors. (n.d.). Image of family law. https://www.floridalegaladvice.com/blog/child-custody/
Fuller-Thomson, E., Baird, S. L., Dhrodia, R., & Brennenstuhl, S. (2016). The association between adverse
childhood experiences (ACEs) and suicide attempts in a population-based study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 42(5), 725–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12351
Goh, Y. H. (2020, April 18). Slight fall in child abuse last year to 1,088 cases, but physical abuse spikes to 10-
year high. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/slight-fall-in-child-abuse-last-year-to-1088-cases-but-physical-abuse-spikes-to-10-year
Herrenkohl, T. I., Jung, H., Lee, J. O., & Kim, M.-H. (2017). Effects of child maltreatment, cumulative
victimisation experiences, and proximal life stress on adult crime and antisocial behavior. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/grants/250506.pdf
Holland, K. (2018, December 3). Understanding the causes of child abuse. Healthline.
https://www.healthline.com/health/causes-of-child-abuse
IndianFolk. (n.d.). Image of child sexual abuse. https://www.indianfolk.com/child-sexual-abuse-the-hidden-
facts-edited/
Kids Helpline. (n.d.). Image of child physical abuse. https://kidshelpline.com.au/parents/issues/understanding-
child-physical-abuse
LeTendre, M. L., & Reed, M. B. (2017). The effect of adverse childhood experience on clinical diagnosis of a
substance use disorder: Results of a nationally representative study. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(6), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1253746
Low, D. (2020, September 21). 20 years’ jail and 24 strokes of the cane for man who sexually assaulted
teenage stepdaughter. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/20-years-jail-and-24-strokes-of-the-cane-for-man-who-sexually-assaulted
Mayo Clinic. (2018, October 5). Child abuse. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-
abuse/symptoms-causes/syc-20370864
Ministry of Justice. (2020, July 22). Family Violence. https://www.justice.govt.nz/family/family-
violence/conditions-of-a-protection-order/
Ministry of Social and Family Development. (n.d.). What is mandatory counselling.
https://www.msf.gov.sg/publications/Pages/What-is-Mandatory-Counselling.aspx
Mitchel & Whale. (n.d.). Image of exclusion. https://mitchellwhale.com/blog/exclude-high-risk-driver-from-
your-policy/
Monnat, S. M., & Chandler, R. F. (2015). Long term physical health consequences of adverse childhood
experiences. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(4), 723–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12107
Nadezhda. (n.d.). Cartoon classroom interior with view on blackboard, school desks with chairs, bookcase,
door and window. Classroom with children and teacher. Flat Vector Illustration [Image]. Adobe Stock. https://stock.adobe.com/nz/images/cartoon-classroom-interior-with-view-on-blackboard-school-desks-with-chairs-bookcase-door-and-window-classroom-with-children-and-teacher-flat-vector-illustration/271768694
PAVE (n.d.-a). Image of PAVE logo. https://www.pave.org.sg/
PAVE. (n.d.-b). PAVE integrated services for individual and family protection specialist centre
(ISIFPSC). https://www.pave.org.sg/our-services-isifpsc.php
Sege, R. D., Amaya-Jackson, L., American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect,
Council on Foster Care, Adoption, and Kinship Care, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Committee on Child Maltreatment and Violence, & National Center for Child Traumatic Stress. (2017). Clinical considerations related to the behavioural manifestations of child maltreatment. Pediatrics, 139(4), e20170100. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0100
Shutterstock (n.d.-a). Children subjected to abuse may carry the physical hallmark of that trauma in their
cells [Image]. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/10/02/child-abuse-leaves-molecular-scars-on-victims-study.html
Shutterstock. (n.d.-b). Illustration of sexual abuse [Image]. The Jakarta Post.
Shutterstock. (n.d.-c). Researchers in China say that up to 12 per cent of China’s 270 million minors faced
some form of sexual assault [Image]. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3012658/millions-children-china-victims-sexual-assault
Tan, T. (2017, May 21). Counselling for parents, help for kids. The Straits Times.
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/counselling-for-parents-help-for-kids
Tan, T. (2019, March 16). 30 per cent spike in child abuse cases last year, with sharp rise in physical and
sexual abuses. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/30-per-cent-spike-in-child-abuse-cases-last-year-with-sharp-rise-in-physical-and-sexual
The Guardian. (n.d.). Image of sexual abuse. https://m.guardian.ng/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Child-
Sexual-Abuse-1.jpg
The Well International. (n.d.). Image of counselling. http://www.thewellintl.org/counselling
Thong, N. W. T. (2020, April 3). Child abuse in Singapore: What can parents do? SingaporeLegalAdvice.
https://singaporelegaladvice.com/child-abuse-singapore-parents/
Understood. (n.d.). Image of teacher talking to student. https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/your-
childs-rights/basics-about-childs-rights/school-discipline-the-rights-of-students-with-ieps-and-504-plans
UT Health. (n.d.). Image of child sexual abuse. https://med.uth.edu/psychiatry/2019/10/18/child-sexual-abuse-
and-the-myth-of-vampire-syndrome/
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Bentley, T., & Johnson, M. S. (2012). A prospective investigation of physical
health outcomes in abused and neglected children: New findings from a 30-year follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 102(6), 1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300636
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Image of New Zealand flag. https://mch.govt.nz/sites/default/files/NZ-
Flag_of_New_Zealand_svg.png
WomensLaw. (2020, October 30). Restraining orders.
https://www.womenslaw.org/laws/ne/restraining-orders/domestic-violence-protection-orders
World Justice Project. (n.d.). Global scores & rankings. https://worldjusticeproject.org/our-work/wjp-rule-
law-index/wjp-open-government-index/global-scores-rankings
Yang, M., Font, S. A., Ketchum, M., & Kim, Y. K. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and
neglect: Effects of maltreatment type and depressive symptoms. Children and Youth Services Review, 91, 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.06.036
​
​
​
​